The Either… Or game

 

The Either OR game is an easy and fun game to play with family and friends and can be used to get to know someone better or just pass the time away while traveling.  It’s simple.  Just come up with two alternative options and ask away!  The only rule is that the players need to choose one or the other.  There’s no right or wrong answer, they just need to decide between either option one or option two.  It’s also a great way for ESL students to strengthen their under standing of the use of the word either in the English language.

EITHER

Either = any one of the two = this one or the other one
Either is accompanied by an affirmative singular verb and is mostly used in questions or negative sentences

Either X or Y

Either … or … is used as a conjunction. It is used to express alternatives and or a choice between two (and sometimes more) things. It is used a verb in singular form (Sometimes you will hear it used in the plural form though it is not grammatically correct).

• Either Peter or Sally has to finish the report before 3pm.
• You can have either the blue pen or the yellow one. (= but not both)
• Either you leave the hotel now or I call the police.

Either + singular noun

Either is used as a determiner before a single noun.

• There are only two choices and he’s not interested in either movie.
• A: Do you want it ready for Friday or Saturday? B: Either day is OK for us.

Either of + determiner + plural noun

You can use Either of before a determiner (my, his, these, the etc.) and a plural noun.

• We’ve been together  for 5 months and I haven’t met either of his parents.
• I haven’t seen either of these films.
• I don’t want either of those bananas. Do you have one that is not rotten?

Either + of + Pronoun

When using Either + of + object pronoun (you, us, them), we need the preposition OF before that pronoun.

• I don’t think she is going to ask either of them.
• A: Which story do you prefer? B: I don’t like either of them.
• I think I left my phone and wallet at the store. I don’t want to lose either of them.

Either can also be used alone. It means it doesn’t matter which alternative. Sometimes it is accompanied by the pronoun “one”.

• A: Would you like a coffee or milk?
• B: Either (one). (= I don’t mind if it’s coffee or milk, both alternatives are fine)

Either in short responses

Either can be used at the end of a negative sentence when you agree with something negative someone else has said. It is similar to meaning TOO and ALSO (which are used in affirmative sentences).

• A: I wasn’t thirsty. B: I wasn’t either. (You cannot say “I wasn’t too”)
• A: I’ve never been to Portugal. B: I haven’t either.
• A: I didn’t go to class yesterday. B: I didn’t either

See more about Also and Too in positive statements and questions, along with more on Either in negative statements here.

Pronunciation of Either and Neither

You will hear the word Either pronounced two different ways:

• /ˈaɪðər/ (eye-ther – with a long I sound at the beginning) – British English
• /ˈiːðər/ (ee- ther – with a long E sound at the beginning) – American English

Both forms of pronunciation are correct and supposedly one is British English and the other American English. However within each country you may hear both forms used.

The same happens with the pronunciation of the word Neither:

• /ˈnaɪðər/ – British English
• /ˈniːðər/ – American English

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The Future is here …. or at least a short overview of Future Tense Grammar

In this short post, I am going to share how to talk about future events and hopefully it will help you better understand and use the future tense.

Predictions/statements of fact

The auxiliary verb will is used in making predictions or simple statements of fact about the future.

• The sun will rise at 6.30 tomorrow.
• Today’s class will be 10 minutes longer than usual.
• In the year 2030 all students will have their own computers in school.
• If you help me, I will help you.
• I don’t think your brother will be home soon.
• You won’t pass your test if you don’t study.
• I know my mother won’t let me go to that movie.
• Will it snow on Christmas?
• I know she’s on holiday, but will she be back next week?

Intentions

The auxiliary verb phrase going to is used in talking about intentions. (An intention is something that you plan to do in the future that you have already thought about.)

• He’s going to buy a new motorcycle next week.
• I’m going to vacation in Asia when I graduate.
• Next year I’m going to start eating healthier.
• She’s not going to go to the movie. She has too much homework.
• I’m not going to watch the movie until I have finished my report.
• Are you going to play football this weekend?
• What are you going to have for dinner tonight?

Arrangements

The present continuous tense is used in talking about arrangements. (An arrangement is is a plan for the future that you have already thought about and discussed with someone else.)

• I‘m meeting my father in the city on Tuesday.
• Her parents are visiting us this summer.
• Sorry, I can’t meet after work today; I‘m playing basketball with Michael.
• Are you doing anything with Mary this weekend?
• Do you know if he is going to the dance with Sarah next week?

Scheduled events

The present simple tense is usually used to refer to future events that are scheduled (and outside of our control).

• Hurry up! The train departs in 5 minutes.
• She leaves Paris at 6 o’clock in the morning and arrives in New York at midnight the next day.
• He has an appointment with his boss at 3 this afternoon.
• There’s no need to hurry. The plane doesn’t leave for another 45 minutes.
• When does the meeting begin?
• Our online English class begins at 11 your time.

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More English Grammar – Comparatives and Superlatives

 

Comparatives and Superlatives

English Grammar Rules

Comparatives and Superlatives are used to compare two or more nouns.

Comparatives are followed by than when comparing two things or people.  Use the following structure to form the sentence:

Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).

Superlatives are preceded the when describing an object which is at the extreme limits of a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of objects. Use the following structure to form the sentence:

Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).

The formation of the comparative and superlative depends on the number of syllables in the adjective:

One-syllable Adjectives

To form the comparative, we add -er to the end of the adjective.

To form the superlative, we add -est to the end of the adjective.

 

Adjective	Comparative	Superlative
small	smaller	the smallest
cold	colder	the coldest
light	lighter	the lightest
wide *	wider	the widest
hot **	hotter	the hottest

* When an adjective ends in the letter E, we just add the -R (for comparatives) or -ST (for superlatives). We do not write two Es together. Wider (correct) not wideer (incorrect).

** When an adjective ends in a consonant + short vowel + consonant (C + V + C), we normally double the last letter. big – bigger – biggest, wet – wetter – wettest

• London is bigger than Santiago.
• Mike is taller than John but James is the tallest.
• Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
• It is the oldest building in the village.
• I want a faster car.

 

Two-syllable Adjectives ending in -Y

To form the comparative, we remove the -y and add –ier to the end of the adjective.

To form the superlative, we remove the -y and add –iest to the end of the adjective.

Adjective	Comparative	Superlative
crazy	crazier	the craziest
happy	happier	the happiest
early	earlier	the earliest

• It was the happiest day of my life.
• My joke was funnier than your one.
• This section is easier than the rest.

Adjectives with Two or more Syllables

For Adjectives with 2 syllables (that don’t end in -y) and higher (3, 4 syllables etc), we use more for comparatives and the most for superlatives.

Adjective	Comparative	Superlative
handsome	more handsome	the most handsome
nervous	more nervous	the most nervous
enthusiastic	more enthusiastic	the most enthusiastic

• My girlfriend is more beautiful than yours.
• Alex is more intelligent than you but I am the most intelligent.
• It was the most wonderful day I have ever had.

Some exceptions with two-syllable adjectives ending in -er and -est:

narrow – narrower, simple – simpler, quiet – quieter

 

Irregular Forms

Adjective	Comparative	Superlative
good	better	the best
bad	worse	the worst
far ***	further / farther	the furthest / farthest
little	less	the least
many/much	more	the most
old ****	older/elder	the oldest / eldest

• I am a better tennis player than you but Marcelo is the best.
• Steve is a worse liar than me but Adrian is the worst.

Take the following quiz to test your understanding of Comparatives and Superlatives.

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Another blog on a pair of words commonly misused by esl learners – other vs. another,the other and others

Other and another are two words that are often misused by many esl learners.  This short blog will provide some simple grammar rules to follow and other helpful examples to help you with your usage.

Quick Summary: What is the difference between another and other?

A simple rule to help you remember the difference between another and other is:

other + plural noun
others (a pronoun to replace other + plural noun)
another + singular noun

• I need another cup. (cup is singular so we use another)
• I need other cups. (cup is plural so we use other)
• I need others. (refers to other cups)

When to use OTHER

Other is a determiner that goes before plural countable nouns, uncountable nouns or a pronoun.

Other + Plural Countable Noun

Other can be followed by a plural countable noun.

• We have other colors if you are interested.
• Have you got any other shoes, or are these the only ones?
• Some nights are cooler though other nights can be very hot.
• I have invited some other friends.
• I can help you because I’m not busy with other activities.

Note: you can use other with a singular noun using the definite article when it refers to something specific or wanting a definite alternative.

• I don’t want this book, I want the other one.
• I saw Sally the other day.

Others as a pronoun

Others replaces “other ones” or “other + plural noun”.
Only others can be used as a pronoun and not other.

• I don’t like these jackets. Let’s ask for others. (others = other jackets)
• Most of the presents arrived on Friday. Others arrived the day before.

When to use ANOTHER

Another means:

• one more, an additional, an extra
• a different one; an alternative one

Another is a determiner (and a qualifier) that goes before a singular countable noun or a pronoun.

Another + Singular Countable noun

Another can be followed by a singular countable noun.

• She has bought another outfit.
• Would you like another cup of tea?
• Don’t worry about the weather. We can go another day.
• I think you should paint it another color.
• They are having another boy.

Another as a pronoun

Sometimes another is used as a pronoun.

• That piece of pie was delicious. I think I’ll have another. (another = one more piece of pie)
• I don’t like this room. Let’s ask for another. (another = another room)

Note: you can also say: “I think I’ll have another one.” and “Let’s ask for another one.”

Another + number + plural noun

Another can be used before a plural noun when there is a number before that noun or before phrases such as a couple of, a few etc.

• In another 2 years my laptop is going to be obsolete.
• I like this city so much that I’m going to spend another week here.
• We need another two students before classes can begin.
• I was given another couple of days to finish the report.

Remember another is ONE word not two words (an other is incorrect)

Take the following quiz to test your understanding of other-others-another-the other.

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I think you will also agree … it isn’t difficult to learn either.

Also, too, and either are all words that can be used to show agreement, but often times confuse ESL speakers. To simplify things (make things easier) the following rules should help clear up the confusion.

Also and too are used in affirmative sentences.

Jim likes to play basketball.
Sally also likes to play basketball.
Mark is a college student.
Mary is a college student too.

Either is used in negative sentences.  (For more on using Either in positive sentences and questions, see the post on Either or here.)

Rachel doesn’t like scary movies.
Peter doesn’t like scary movies, either.

As you can see looking at the chart at the top of this page, there are some things to know about placement.  Why don’t you review those additional points and try your hand (attempt to do) these exercises with also, too, and either.

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20 Things to do Everyday for a Smarter You

In a previous blog entry I shared about a lifehack for improving your English – Reading.  I was doing some of that – reading – recently online and found it on someone’s list of 20 things to do everyday that’ll make you smarter.  Guess what else is on that list?  Writing.  It’s also one of the ways ESL students can accelerate English learning and improve confidence with using what you know.

Why write?

Like reading, writing encourages vocabulary growth, grammar skills, and use of proper syntax. It’s a great exercise for after wrapping up (finishing) a lesson or two on tense usage, sentence structure, vocab, etc.  Learn a new word or two?  Put into practice what you learned – write some sentences using different tenses and structures.

Writing helps the brain store information more effectively and fosters better memory skills. You will be better at recalling that word or phrase that is just on the tip of your tongue (you know it, but can’t quite remember it).  Studies show that students who regularly take handwritten notes during college classes consistently score better on tests. They have better retention of what they have been taught.

Writing forces a person to pay attention to their memories, experiences, and internal dialogues – a combination that increases brain function altogether.  Studies have shown journaling, the activity of writing down thoughts, experiences, short summaries of how you’re physical and mental health is, and so on, improves overall mental and even physical well being.

What to write?

I’ve already given a couple of examples – practice writing sentences using what you’ve recently learned and journaling.  You can write short stories about a real or fictional (not real) character or scene – focus on the who, why, what, when, and how …. answer those questions and you’ll be well on your way.  Practice writing by answering a prompt or question.  Write about a previous trip or memorable (something that is worth remembering) experience.  It doesn’t have to be long or take much time, but it is something you should be doing.

If you come up short (you’re not successful) and can’t find something to write about, drop me a line (send me a message) and I will share some prompts to get you started.  And if you do get going and start writing, why not schedule some time with me and we can go over it on Skype, if it’s on a topic you are comfortable sharing with me.  I’d be happy to review and correct as needed.  It would probably be a great opportunity to learn some new vocabulary, different sentence structures, and definitely give you an opportunity to practice listening and speaking – two other suggestions for improving your English.

Any idea what some of the other things are on the list of 20 things to do everyday?  Why not write about something you think should be on the list and why?

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I’m so happy coffee has no effect on my sleeping …. does it affect yours?

The coffee effect

Does drinking coffee late in the day make you feel like the owl in the picture above?  If it does, the caffeine in coffee really affects you.  I’m lucky, it doesn’t really have this effect on me.

Today, we are going to look at these two words – affect and effect.  They are commonly misused, even by native English speakers.  Affect and effect are easy to mix up. Here’s the short version of how to use the right word:

• Affect is usually a verb, which is an action word. It means to impact or change.
• Effect is usually a noun, which is a person, place, thing, or idea. An effect is the result of a change.
• More rarely, affect is used as a noun in clinical settings, especially psychology.
• Watch out! There are certain situations and fixed phrases that break the general usage rules for these words.

Now that the basics are out of the way, the time has come to learn the intricacies of how to use affect and effect effectively. Or is it affectively? If you’re lucky, it may well be a little bit of both. (For the curious, effective would mean successful in this context. And when it comes to grammar, success is the goal.)

The Difference Between Affect and Effect

Is it affect or effect? In a nutshell, affect is a verb and effect is a noun. At least (spoiler alert!), most of the time. In the majority of cases, you’ll encounter the words as these parts of speech.

So, if A affects B, B experiences the effect of A’s action.

Huh?

Imagine Rachel (A) pushes Robert (B) into a pond. Rachel affects where Robert is standing. Robert being wet is the effect of Rachel’s irresistible urge to push him into a pond.

Because Rachel performed an action, that signals the use of a verb: affect. The result, or effect, of that verb is “wetness,” a noun that is probably causing Robert a whole lot of discomfort.

Affect and effect are different parts of speech, but they sound almost identical. Sound-alike pairs like affect vs. effect are tricky because many people pronounce them as homophones, which means, well, that they sound alike. Bear/bare, here/hear, and write/right are other examples. So when it comes to writing the right word, here are the rules to help you bear the struggle.

Affect Definition

Affect means to influence or to produce a change in something.

The tornado affected citizens within forty miles of Topeka.
The medicine will affect your eyesight for at least an hour.
Winning the swimming medal affected Tina’s performance in school, too.

Here’s a tip: Here’s a mnemonic: A is for action. Verbs are about action. Affect starts with an A, so it’s a verb. Presto.

Effect Definition

Effect is a noun, and it means the result of a change. So, if an event affects your life, you will feel the event’s effect.

The effect of the tornado was devastating.
You’ll feel the effect of the medication in the next twenty minutes.
Tina’s big win had an effect on her confidence level overall.

Here’s a tip: Think of the common phrase cause and effect. Cause ends with an E, and effect begins with an E. So not only does a cause lead to an effect, but also cause’s E leads to effect’s E, giving you a handy noun bridge to step across and remember which spelling to use.

Affect vs. Effect: How to Remember the Difference

In sum: keep your eyes on the prize. In this case, the prize is the first letter of each word. Don’t forget: “Affect” starts with A for Action—meaning it’s a verb—and with “Effect,” you can jump straight from “Cause” to “Effect” over that convenient E.

If you get that letter trick memorized, it should affect your spelling of these words immediately. In other words, make sure you spell them correctly.

When to Use Affect or Effect

Let’s recap exactly how and when to use which word.:

Use “affect” as the verb in a sentence when you’re talking about producing change or making a difference. For example, a new discovery can affect a scientific theory, and failing a test can affect someone’s mood.

Here are some synonyms of affect: alter, change, influence, modify, and impact (the verb version). That list should affect your understanding of the word. In this case, “affect” would mean “improve.”

“Effect” is a noun, and it is the outcome of an event or situation that created a change. The effect of the change can be big or small, but the fact that something changed is what makes the noun form of effect so important. For example, you can feel the effects of a cold or an earthquake, and the sun coming out can have a positive effect on your mood.

Some synonyms of effect include words like result, repercussion, consequence, outcome, aftermath, and the noun version of impact.

What makes these two little words extra tricky is that they sound pretty much identical,  Yes, that’s the homophone thing mentioned earlier.  For the most part, people will pronounce affect and effect almost exactly the same.  But, every once in awhile, they won’t.

If you listen closely, in some cases you’ll be able to hear a slight difference in the first syllable fo the two different words.  So, “effect” has a slightly stronger “eh” sound, like in “red,” while affect is pronounced a bit more lazily, as in “uh-ffect.”  But don’t count on those slight differences to tell one work from the other.  Only a very careful enunciator will make the distinction at all, and it’s a very subtle distinction, anyway.

Let’s test how effective this explanation was! Test your understanding of affect and effect with a short and fun quiz.

Click here to read about some additional information on some exceptions for using affect and effect.

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Listen up – I’ve got something to say (tell you)

say OR tell?

The verbs say and tell have similar meanings. They both mean “to communicate verbally with someone”. But we often use them differently and I’ve seen a lot of English learners mix up when they should use one or the other.  Hopefully this short review will be of some help for them and for you.

The simple way to think of say and tell is:

• You say something
• You tell someone something

You say something	You tell someone something
Rita said that she was tired.	Rita told Janey that she was tired.
Arnold says you have a new car.	Arnold tells me you have a new car.
Sara said: “I love you.”	Sara told Jim that she loved him.

But, of course, it is not always so easy. The following rules should help you.

Personal object
We usually follow tell with a personal object (the person that we are speaking to). We usually use say without a personal object:

• She told me that she loved John.
• She said that she loved John.
• They told everybody that they had to leave.
• They said that they had to leave.

Say “to someone”
With say, we sometimes use “to someone”:

• He said to me that he was hungry.
• Sara said to Rita that she had done very well.
• Arnold said to her, “I hope you arrive soon.”
• “I’d like to sleep,” she said to him quietly.

Direct speech
We can use say with direct speech. We use tell only with direct speech that is an instruction or information:

• Alice said, “Hello Jack. How are you?”
• “That’s great,” he said.
• SHe told her: “Open the door quietly.”
• She told them, “I have never been to England.”

We can use say with direct questions, but we cannot use tell:

• She said: “Do you like me?”
• The investigator said to the suspect, “Where were you at 5pm?”

Reported speech
We can use say and tell to talk about reported information:

• He said that it wasn’t raining.
• She told them that she would call at 10am.

We cannot use say or tell to talk about reported questions. We must use ask (or a similar verb):

• He asked if she had ever been there.
• They asked what we wanted to eat.
• She asked where she lived.
• She asked if we wanted to go home.

Orders, advice
We use tell + object + infinitive for orders or advice:

• We told him to sit down.
• They told her not to wait.
• Tell Nancy to have a holiday and forget him.

Phrases
Here are a few fixed phrases with tell. We cannot use say with these phrases:

• tell (someone) a story
• tell (someone) a lie
• tell (someone) the truth
• tell the future (= to know what the future will bring)
• tell the time (= know how to read a clock)

Try some practice questions with this quiz on say and tell.

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I used to or did I use to?

Used to vs. Use to

Common Mistakes in English

A common mistake both for learners of English as well as native speakers is the difference between “Used to” and “Use to” and when (or if) we put the letter D at the end of the verb.

First let’s look at the meaning of it:
Used to = an action or habit that was common in the PAST but not anymore.

This should not be confused with
To be used to = accustomed to something (normally out of habit or experience)

Notice how Used to ends in –ed which normally means the verb is in the past tense.

• I used to drink coffee every morning but now I drink tea.
• She used to live in London but now she lives in New York.
• He used to play football professionally but he had to quit because of an injury.

These sentences refer to a past habit or a continuous action in the past and they are affirmative.

BUT…

Used to in Negative

If we want to make a negative sentence, the didn’t part shows that we are talking about the past tense.
It is NOT common to use Used to in negative form though we will show you how to do it anyway.

Compare the normal past tense:

• I played rugby on Saturday. (past – affirmative)
• I didn’t play rugby on Saturday. (past – negative – play doesn’t have the –ed at the end because the auxiliarydidn’t tells us that the sentence is in the past tense)

And now let’s see a sentence with Used to:

• I used to like her, but now I hate her.
• I didn’t use to like her but now I think she is great.

Many times we use never instead of didn’t. In this case we use “used” in past tense. Compare:

• I didn’t use to smoke.
• I never used to smoke.

Used to in Questions

As with normal questions in the past tense, we use the base form of the verb (not the verb in past tense), since the auxiliary DID shows us that the question is in the past tense.

• +  I used to ride a bike to school every day.
• –   I didn’t use to ride a bike to school. I would normally go by bus.
• ?  Did you use to ride a bike to school when you were a child?

Some more examples

• What did you use to do after school when you were a kid?
• Where did you use to go on vacation with your parents?

Why do people sometimes write Use to instead of Used to in English?

Well, when we say used to, the final D in the verb used is pronounced like a T and since the next word (TO) also begins with the T sound, it seems like there is only one T (that belonging to the word TO).
When speaking, we frequently run words together (join words) so it would sound like Use-to.

Used to and Would

Sometimes we can replace Used to with Would.

• My grandfather used to do exercises every day before work.
• My grandfather would do exercises every day before work.

See more about the uses of Would.

So… you used to find this difficult, didn’t you? (And now you don’t)

 

Next activity

Try our game about used to vs use to (coming soon)

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When would you use it?

Would

English Grammar – Modal Verbs

Would is a modal verb. Would is often used in conditional sentences with a clause beginning with “If…” but it can also be used in the following situations:

WOULD

1. Used as a polite invitation or to offer

• Would you like to go to the movies with me tonight?
• Would you like some more tea?
• I would be happy to help you with preparation for your exam.

When someone asks a question to invite you or offer you something using Would, the response can be: Yes, I would OR No, I wouldn’t.

• Would you like to have a coffee with me? Yes, I would.

2. Describe a prediction (hypothetical situations)

• It would be nice to have a barbecue.
• Nobody would believe me if I told them I had seen a UFO.

3. To not sound impolite when disagreeing with someone

• I would like to point out that you need to review those numbers.
• I wouldn’t agree with that.

4. To describe past habits

• Before internet people would send letters to each other.
• When I was at school I would get up before everyone else in our house.

(This is similar to using Used To)

5. Future in the past

We use would when we are talking about the past but we want to talk about something which was in the future at that time (in the past).

• When I was in Paris last year I would spend hours sitting at coffee shops writing ideas for my novel.
• She promised she would send a postcard from Peru.
• I told you he would help us.

6. Wouldn’t: To describe a past unwillingness (refusal)

• He said he wouldn’t help us.
• My son wouldn’t eat his food.

Next activity

See our grammar notes about other Modal Verbs. (Coming soon!)

See our grammar notes about conditional sentences:

• Conditionals
• Zero Conditional
• First Conditional
• Second Conditional
• Third Conditional

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